Gig Economy Statistics UK

From Uber drivers and Deliveroo riders to digital freelancers and beyond, the gig economy is vast, and it is growing in the UK every year.

We’ve analysed every study, research paper, and analysis on this topic to bring you the most relevant UK gig economy statistics and facts you need to truly understand this environment.

 

 

 

 

Key statistics on the UK gig economy:

• 1 in 6 adults in the UK currently work a gig job at least once a week.
• Gig workers contribute £20bn to the UK economy, the same as the aerospace industry.
• Almost half (48%) of gig workers in the UK also have a full-time job.
• Women earn an average of 10% less than men in the gig economy.
• For most, 71.5%, gig work makes up less than half of their income.
• The UK gig economy workforce is now estimated at 1.7 million workers.
• 20% of UK gig workers class this work as their main source of income, with couriers and private hire drivers being most likely to call it their main income (both 36%).
• Around half (52%) of gig workers earn less than the minimum wage, with an average of £8.97 per hour (compared to the minimum wage of £10.42).
• 76% of gig workers surveyed said they had experienced work-related insecurity and anxiety, and 28% felt they were risking their health or safety when doing gig work.
• 89.7% of UK gig workers said that the cost of living crisis in 2022/23 had influenced them to take up extra work.
• More than 3 in 4 gig working taxi drivers and couriers increased their working hours into 2023 because of rising fuel costs.
• A third of young people (18-34) returning to work post-pandemic did so into the gig economy.

 

 

What is the gig economy?

The gig economy is a large and growing section of the working population where short-term flexible workers are paid on the completion of tasks (known as gigs) instead of being paid for the amount of time that they work. For example, a delivery rider working in the gig economy will not be paid an hourly wage for the duration of their shift – instead, they will be paid a fixed fee for every delivery they complete.

Benefits include the flexibility of workers being able to choose when and how they work, plus the ability to increase earnings with good performance.

Common gig economy workers include taxi drivers, dog walkers and cleaners, but the gig economy also extends to qualified professionals, specialising in copywriting, teaching, translating, proofreading, solving IT problems, or designing games to name but a few examples.

 

“In the gig economy workers are paid for completion of tasks, instead of being paid for their time”

 

The gig economy in the United Kingdom is very diversified, but in summary it includes the following types of jobs:

• Drivers transporting customers in cars via ride-sharing apps like Uber and Lyft.
• Cyclists delivering takeaway meals to households via delivery apps such as Deliveroo, DoorDash and JustEat.
• Remote Digital freelancers providing services like copywriting, graphic design and web development through freelance marketplace sites like Fiverr and PeoplePerHour.
• Manual workers providing labour to individuals or businesses on construction jobs.

 

The most common setups for people providing these gigs are :

• Casual, part-time and full-time workers who decide when they work for their chosen companies or apps.
• Persons providing services directly to customers, who are either freelancers or one-person businesses.
• People performing gigs full-time and those doing it in their spare time to supplement their income [1].

 

How big is the gig economy in the UK?

The UK gig economy workforce is now estimated to consist of 1.7 million workers.

The exact number of workers in the UK gig economy is difficult to pinpoint, and estimates from different studies have varied wildly over the last few years. Let’s take a look at the breakdown of studies since 2017.

• In 2017, data from the UK government estimated that gig workers made up 4.4% of the working population, this would amount to approximately 1,356,012 people. [1]
• In 2021, estimates from a Trades Union Congress study put the number of gig workers at 14.7% of workers, meaning roughly 4.8 million people. This higher figure was likely impacted by people taking on more casual gig work amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. [15]
• 2022 research from the Copenhagen Business School put the number of gig workers in the UK at 1.4% of the working population, or roughly 462,938 people.
• In 2023, CIPD’s report also estimated the gig economy was made up of 1.4% of UK workers, amounting to 464,436.
• By taking an average of these figures since 2017, we can estimate that in 2024, the UK gig economy may sit at around 1.7 million workers.

Due to the on and off nature of this type of work, it’s impossible to verify the exact amount of people in the gig economy, but estimates of at least half a million seem reasonable, if a little conservative compared to other studies.

 

 

How much do gig workers contribute to the economy?

Gig-based freelancers contribute approximately £20 billion to the British economy each year. [7] This is the same amount that the Aerospace industry contributes.

Reports into gig economy statistics estimate that £5 billion (20%) of this British economic contribution is made of earnings from Uber drivers [13]

Some estimates push this economic contribution further, stating the spiralling growth of the gig economy in the UK could explode to a £63.25 billion contribution to the UK economy by 2026, using CAGR.[14]

 

Gig economy platforms in the UK

In regards to the specific platforms used, there is a huge range of options for gig workers in the UK but the most popular is Uber, with over 100,000 drivers who work for the company as of the start of 2024. [13]

Deliveroo, often described as ‘the Netflix of food delivery’ is expanding rapidly in the UK, further boosted by nationwide pandemic lockdowns, total transactions on the app rose 64.3% in 2020.[15] In response, the company announced plans to hire additional 50,000 drivers.

 

 

PeoplePerHour is another popular gig platform used by 12% of gig economy workforce [1] which allows freelancer to secure gig work for a range of online activities, such as graphic design, copywriting and marketing.

Other gig work platforms used in the UK by order of popularity are: [1]

• Fiverr (10%)
• Upwork (9%)
• TaskRabbit (8%)
• AmazonFlex (8%)

Web traffic for gig work sites over time

There are a number of sites where gig workers can access jobs in a variety of industries. The data from Ahrefs below shows how global traffic to some of these sites has increased over time.

Uber’s driver sign-up page has seen a 254% increase in daily traffic compared to 2019, while Upwork has seen a 231% increase during the same period.

Site	2019 Daily Traffic	2024 Daily Traffic	% change
Deliveroo (Rider Sign-Up)	3,444 (from 2020)	49,932	+1,350%
Uber (Driver Sign-Up)	10,096	35,726	+254%
Upwork	2,672,865	8,841,704	+231%
People Per Hour	192,409	604,009	+214%
AmazonFlex	36,478	99,076	+170%
TaskRabbit	177,711	291,383	+64%
Guru	86,283	117,910	+37%

 

Gig work: Primary income vs side hustles

The average gig worker is not in this full-time, it’s a side hustle to supplement their income. For over two‐thirds of gig workers (71.5%) revenue generated from gigs represents less than a half of their earnings. [2]

 

“48% of gig workers in the UK also have a full-time job”

 

Only 9.4% of gig workers rely on this type of work as their only source of income, while for  28.5% it represents at least half of their earnings [2]

 

 

Nearly half (48.1%) of all gig workers in the UK are in full-time employment, 12.4% work part-time, 10.7% are self-employed and 11.3% are students. [2]

Amongst intensive gigs providers (those who do gigs  at least once a week), the figures are similar with 52.8% being employed full-time, 12.8% part-time, 9.3% self-employed, 3.5% full-time parents, 3.2% retired and 11.4% students [2]

Of those gaining at least half of their income from gig work, 51.9% are in full-time employment and 14% in part-time.[2]

 

Demographics: Who works in the gig economy?

An analysis of gig workforce demographics in the UK shows that men are more likely to undertake gig economy jobs than women. An estimated 16.5% of the UK’s male population are involved in the gig economy versus 14.1% of British women. Among all gig workers women make up around 46.5% [2].

Gig workers can be found in all age groups, but it is fair to say the gig economy is driven by young people. Those aged 16-24 make 31.5% of the workforce, followed by 25-34 years old (16.4%). [2]

Participation in gig activities clearly declines with the age. Among 45-54 years old, only 13.4% do some sort of gig [2]. Such a pattern may not be so surprising, as many gigs require good health and condition – climbing hundreds of stairs delivering parcels, or cycling miles delivering food can be physically demanding.

 

 

Where are gig workers located in the UK?

Gig workers are dispersed all over the country, but London is the epicentre of the gig economy. Over one fifth (21%) of  the capital’s working age population perform gigs regularly [2].

 

 

Interestingly, those involved in the gig economy are more likely than the population as a whole to rent their accommodation (37% vs. 28%) or live with parents, family or friends either rent-free or paying some rent (17% vs. 11%) [1]

 

What type of work do gig workers do in the UK?

Gig workers in the UK perform a variety of tasks, but online office work is the most popular, followed by providing services in other people’s homes. Next, in order of importance, is driving and delivery work, and then running errands [2].

The following is a breakdown of some of the tasks gig workers do in the UK and what percentage workers in the gig economy undertake these regularly.

 

Graphic note: The sum of all types of work as shown in the graphic will add up to more than 100% as gig workers can work more than one type/activity, i.e a taxi driver who also does freelance graphic design.

 

“In the UK gig economy, online work is done more than takeaway food or taxi driving”

 

Gig work type over time

As the number of people doing gig work has exploded, some studies have also tracked how the type of gig work has changed from 2016.[22] The below data shows the percentage of the working population estimated to have taken part in gig work types in 2021.

*Based on 2021 working population figures (defined as people aged 15-64)
Data note: One person can be part of multiple gig work types which helps to explain the large numbers of total workers.

We can see that deliveries/driving, such as Deliveroo or Uber, and online work, have both grown the most by 7% from 2016 to 2021. Online gig work could consist of a huge variety of work including virtual administration support, digital marketing, or illustrations and design to provide but a few examples.

The trend is clear, every year, the gig economy is growing with those out delivering physical goods, and those providing online services leading the charge.

 

 

How often do Brits work in the gig economy?

Statistics show that the rate of gig work for those in the economy varies greatly. Over half (55%) of gig workers perform tasks at least once a month, while 12% deliver 2-3 times a week, 9% deliver gigs every single day.[1] Due to the nature of the gig economy, many people may not have an average level of work each week.

 

The number of people who see gig work as their main income source

Many workers take on gig jobs to supplement their main income so they can earn some extra money, but for some, working in the gig economy is their full-time job. Estimates from CIPD found that 20% of people who do gig economy work see it as their main source of income, but couriers and private hire drivers were most likely to say it is their main income (both 36%).

 

 

The same study also found that men are more likely to say that gig work is their main income source (22%) compared to women (16%). Ethnic minorities are also more likely to class gig work as their main income source (24%), than white people (19%).

A higher proportion of older people (over 50s) class gig work as their main source of income (23%), compared to 15% of younger people (aged 16-24).

Gig workers with disabilities are also more likely to refer to it as their main income source (29%), compared to gig workers without disabilities (19%). [18]

 

Weekly gig trends

In England and Wales alone, half a million people engage in gig work each week, making up  1.4% of the employed population. Due to the nature of this work, gig workers may engage in gig work one week and not the next.

According to the University of Bristol’s research, 42% of gig workers work irregular hours from week to week, depending on their needs and the market demand. [20]

Demand for work can also fluctuate due to seasonal demands, economic conditions, and current trends, this often directly affects those who rely on the gig economy.

Post-pandemic figures have seen a rise in gig workers largely down to the cost of living, with many people supplementing additional work to pay for their expenses. [21]

 

Do people stay in the gig economy?

Generally, the gig economy has a trend, by design, that sees people work infrequently. A disparity can be seen when looking at recent industry reports where 14.7% of the UK working population was working at least once a week in the gig economy in 2021, but 22.6% were working less frequently than this or had stopped gig work altogether.

It is challenging to track gig economy workers as individuals could perform gig work even just a few times, and then decide not to continue it, but they would contribute to statistics of those working less frequently than a week. Future studies may shed light on the longevity of gig work in the UK.

 

How long have people worked in the UK gig economy?

Other studies however have looked at gig workers and statistics on how long they have been working in the industry. The chart below reviews this data, but shows that over half (51.5%) have worked between 3-12 months, indicating it’s attracting fresh workers, with the minority (22.6%) having worked for 3 years or more.

 

 

Gender differences in the UK gig economy

While men and women make up similar proportions of overall workers in the UK (52% men and 48% women), more men are represented in the gig economy (65%) than women (35%). There are also differences between the genders when it comes to the types of gig work people do.

 

Source [18]

 

Gender pay gap in the gig economy

According to one source, female gig workers make on average £80 a week less than their male counterparts. Such disparity could be due to a lack of confidence to ask for more or a result of the pressure from a gig provider [3]. Another study from Columbia University states that women gig workers’ hourly earnings were 10% lower than men’s [4].

 

“Women earn an average of 10% less than men in the gig economy”

 

Taking an average earning of £29,495, which is the average salary of Uber drivers, women in the same position are likely to earn £2,949 less a year than men by typical gig economy standards. With Deliveroo riders earning an average of £10/hour, women would also earn a pound less every hour with a 10% gap.

While such a pay disparity is obviously hugely detrimental to many, it is 8.05% less than the average gender pay gap in the UK outside of the gig economy (18.05%).

In Australia, one study found that women working in gig economy roles were earning between 10% and 37% less than their male counterparts. Per hour, men were earning an average of $2.67 more than women for doing the same work. However, around 40% of the gig workers in the study said they didn’t know what their hourly rate was. [23]

 

COVID-19 impact on the gig economy

Approximately 1.37 million workers were added to the UK gig economy from 2019 to the end of 2021, and estimates place another 1.18 million workers by the end of 2022. The pandemic saw deliveries and online gig work increase by 7%. With food deliveries and the digitisation of work, and work-from-home, seeing a boom due to the pandemic, such a shift was to be expected.

UberEats and Deliveroo, for example, exceeded targets during the pandemic, experiencing a record-high growth in demand [5] due to the loss of in-person hospitality.

After the first UK lockdown, Deliveroo signed up 11,500 new restaurants and announced recruitment plans for 15,000 additional drivers. [9]

 

“In the middle of the pandemic (August 2020), 28% of delivery drivers reported having more work than usual”

 

Other types of gig economy work, such as taxi rides, were heavily impacted. Uber recorded a 73% drop in the number of rides when compared with the same period last year before the pandemic had started [5]. This would mean an average pay loss of £21,531 for each Uber driver.

Culturally, there was an increase in interest in the gig economy due to the pandemic. 92% of respondents in a recent survey by the jobs board Monster said they thought the pandemic presented the perfect opportunity to look into the gig economy. Just over half of people (57%) said gig work would be essential while they are searching for jobs due to the pandemic.

 

Young people joining the gig economy

A recent study found that young people in the UK who lost their jobs during the pandemic have been returning to work in gig economy roles. The statistics show that people aged 18-34 who were employed before the pandemic were more likely to have returned to less stable, zero-hour or agency work. A third (33%) of young people returning to work were now in these roles, compared to 12% who had stayed employed during COVID-19. [24]

 

UK cost of living crisis and the gig economy

According to one survey, 14% of UK employees said they had taken a second job in 2022, and 14.5% said they were planning on taking a second job in 2023. 89.7% of those surveyed said that the cost of living crisis in the UK had influenced their decision to take a second job.[16]

It is predicted that this will lead to growth in the gig economy insurance market size, with 16.9% of those who took a second job in the gig economy saying they have taken out their own insurance policy or plan to take one out.

Another 2022 survey found that 9 in 10 respondents (mainly private hire drivers and couriers) said rising fuel and vehicle costs were impacting their work. Over three-quarters of those surveyed said they have had to increase their weekly working hours due to rising costs. [17]

 

Pros and cons of the UK gig economy

A fair question when researching the UK gig economy is whether the workers actually enjoy it, or benefit from the current system.

One major study by the UK government [1] indicates that more than half (53%) of those involved in the British gig economy are either very or fairly satisfied with their experience of providing services on websites and apps.

 

“74% of gig workers who work full-time are satisfied with their employment situation”

 

Independence and flexibility that the work offers are the main sources of job satisfaction. Over half of all gig economy providers are pleased with these two aspects of their work (58 and 56% respectively).

Work-related benefits and level of income are the main reasons of worry among gig workers however, with one in four (25%) very or fairly unhappy with those aspects of their work.

Satisfaction levels are high (74%) in those who see their gig work income as ‘significant’, but for those doing tasks more casually, it’s lower, at 48%.

From the study, these were the main pros and cons highlighted by UK gig workers, and how many workers agreed:

 

Pros	Cons
Independence (58%)	Income levels (25%)
Flexibility (56%)	Work benefits (25%)
Number of hours available (46%)	Career development opportunities (23%)
Cost of providing services (38%)	Irregular workload (18%)

Data note: The study also allowed ‘Don’t know’ or ‘Neither’ as an option for gig workers when discussing how they felt above the above issues. 

 

There were also slight differences in the overall satisfaction of gig workers based on their gig activity. Those who provided courier services reported a 69% satisfaction rate, those who did taxi work stated 68% satisfaction, while food delivery reported a 65% satisfaction rate.

 

 

Impact on wellbeing

The main appeal of gig work is the flexibility, especially for those seeking control of their schedules. Flexibility is particularly handy for students and parents.

Constant pressure and unscheduled work can also become a negative element of freelance gig work. The University of Bristol’s research shows that more than three-quarters (76%) of gig workers surveyed said they experienced work-related insecurity and anxiety. Additionally, 28% felt that gig work was risking their health and safety and 25% said they experienced pain on the job. [20]

The Mental Health Foundation is calling for society to support a better work-life balance and tackle work-related stress. [22]

The positive aspect of gig work can also benefit your wellbeing, allowing for flexible working, more free-time and the chance to travel with your work.

In addition to convenience, gig work offers an opportunity to upskill and gain multiple skills, as well as experience in different industries.

 

Employers and the gig economy

Employers are becoming more reliant on gig workers for their less-frequent tasks due to the flexibility and cost efficiency. [20] One example of this was during the COVID-19 pandemic, during which an estimated 1.37 million gig workers were added to the economy, with gig work and online deliveries increasing by 7%.

 

Why employers might use gig workers

Here are the main reasons employers might seek gig workers:

• Flexibility to take on last-minute tasks
• Available for less frequent and unpromised work
• Specific expertise available on a project-to-project basis
• Expertise in an area not needed for full employment
• Remote gig workers are available without taking time to meet, interview or use an office space

 

Potential challenges faced by gig employers

As useful as gig workers are to employers, it’s not all plain sailing. Employers face challenges, for example, the recent saga in which Uber was outed for not classing their gig workers as employees.

Employers struggle to manage and maintain loyalty with all their gig workers. That is often because these workers function flexibly and multi-task on numerous projects or jobs at the same time. One study found that 93% of companies are concerned about employee retention, and 68% of medium-sized companies within the gig economy are struggling to find top-tier talent. [26]

For a company to constantly stay on top of gig tasks and onboard can begin to cost time and money, potentially making the option redundant.

 

Employability for gig workers

Some reports discuss that it is challenging for gig workers to gain employment after they leave the economy as it is challenging to up-skill. We recommend gig workers consider the following transferable skills when looking at becoming more employable and how to write a CV:

• Finance management – Gig workers need to manage their finances and can get quite complex for those with multiple freelance clients – this can be a big selling point in a CV.
• Customer service – Working directly with the public, like in Uber or Deliveroo, typically means you’ll have good experience on managing the public, in both positive and negative experiences
• Verbal communication – In the same manner, you need to have good communication speaking with customers, or having meetings with clients.
• Flexibility – Nothing is more flexible than the gig economy, you can show how you were prepared to take on more hours during peak times to work harder and earn more during that time.
• Adaptability – Gig work often requires you to think on your feet and pick-up new skills quickly. Discuss how you grew your skill set through this period of employment.

There are many valuable workplace skills earned in gig work activities and people should endeavour to sell them effectively in their CV when entering the mainstream.

 

Analysis: Parents could benefit from Uber gig work

As part of our research into the UK gig economy we also looked at how much Uber drivers earn and how this compares to other jobs, particularly when childcare costs were considered.

The following analysis accounts for income tax, national insurance contributions, commuting, petrol, and childcare to see how many Uber driving hours a working parent would need to do to match the salary of some of the most popular jobs in the country. The full methodology is available at the end of this report.

 

 

Uber drivers can make good money and the flexibility of the work may mean some working parents could benefit from such gig work. Of course, this is only one small study into this space and each parent’s situation will be different, but it does indicate that gig work can be feasible full-time.

 

2021 UK law changes to gig economy

The lack of legislation supporting gig workers has been a growing problem. Typically, gig workers are not provided with sick pay, holiday entitlement, and other benefits. Such a situation can have dramatic consequences, when a worker has an accident, or gets seriously sick.

As the number of people joining the gig economy is growing, the public interest in legislative support has been building up.

In 2021, Uber decided to give all its UK drivers employee status, with all its benefits including a minimum wage, pension scheme, and holiday pay, after losing a battle in the Supreme Court [12]. This landmark decision is a clear warning to all other gig platforms: the “misclassification” of their workforce will not be tolerated any longer: if gig workers have the same duties as regular employees, they should be treated as such.

 

The future of the UK gig economy

The UK gig economy is here to stay. One study found that 18% of Human Resources Directors in the UK think gig workers will make up 75% or more of their workforce over the next five years. [12]

 

“It seems inevitable that there will continue to be significant growth of the gig economy in the coming years”

 

Some experts predict that more companies will follow Uber and start offering their gig workers permanent contracts, or at least some sort of benefits, like sick pay and holidays. The courier company Hermes (now Evri), for example, agreed to offer drivers guaranteed minimum wages and holiday pay following a case brought by the unions. [17]

We also spoke to Julia Kermode, founder of IWORK, which champions and protects the UK’s independent workforce. Julia had this to say on the future of the gig economy in the UK:

 

“Roles that were once misjudged or looked down on are now respected. The importance of gig work is now finally starting to be recognised, with workers earning themselves the accolade of being key workers who are critical to the UK’s pandemic response.”

“There is nothing wrong with gig work; when done well it brings genuine choice to individuals in how, where and when they work, and it enables businesses to be agile which is much needed for our economic recovery.  Of course it is essential to get legalities around employment status right, which is perfectly possible, and providing the business treats workers properly without exploitation then it’s a win-win for all concerned.”

 

Worker protection for gig workers

Gig workers are exposed to significant vulnerability due to the lack of robust rights and protections in the gig economy. This was largely highlighted during the UberEats and Deliveroo debacles in recent years. [23]

A study by the University of Bristol found that over half (52%) of gig workers earned less than minimum wage in the UK. [20]

The Ubereats and Deliveroo controversies sparked debates around employment status, with workers fighting for recognition as employees rather than independent contractors. In 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that Uber drivers will be classed as workers, entitling them to basic protection and benefits such as holiday pay, minimum wage and sick pay.

The University of Bristol study also highlighted another challenge for workers – “forced flexibility”. What’s often seen as a privilege of gig work is also considered a huge downfall – with most workers feeling the need to be constantly available. No guaranteed hours leaves workers in a vulnerable position, with uncertainty around hours and a fluctuating demand and earnings. [20]

 

The impact of AI

An Oxford Economics report shows the level of robotisation and the impact it has on all jobs, with robots taking 20 million manufacturing jobs by the year 2030. [24]

The impact of artificial intelligence on gig work is still unknown but the influx and acceptance of AI is likely to at the very least, change the landscape of freelance tasks.

Nesta, a UK-based innovative foundation recently released a report suggesting that low-skilled jobs may be at risk but jobs requiring creativity and problem-solving may actually evolve. This leaves gig work such as graphic design, copywriting, and other creative roles unharmed and may mean that workers will need to incorporate a hybrid skill set that requires knowledge and the use of AI tools.

 

Imagery

Graphics and imagery on this page may be freely used on another site with attribution to StandOut CV in addition to linking back to this page.

 

 

Sources:

[1] Department for Business, Energy, Industrial Strategy, The Characteristics of Those in The Gig Economy, Final Report, February 2018,  https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/687553/The_characteristics_of_those_in_the_gig_economy.pdf

[2] TUC, University of Hertfordshire, Platform Work in the UK 2016-2019, Statistical Services and Consultancy Unit (SSCU), University of Hertfordshire and Hertfordshire Business School (HBS), accessed at: https://www.feps-europe.eu/attachments/publications/platform%20work%20in%20the%20uk%202016-2019%20v3-converted.pdf

[3] Moore J., The gig economy is not just exploitative, it’s also sexist – here’s how, Independent, published on 18 May 2019, accessed at: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/gig-economy-gender-pay-gap-deliveroo-uber-tuc-a8919641.html

[4] Hamill J., A ‘gender pay gap’ exists in anonymous online gig economy marketplaces, published on 5 Mar 2020, https://metro.co.uk/2020/03/05/gender-pay-gap-exists-anonymous-online-gig-economy-marketplaces-12352835/?ito=cbshare

[5] Economic Observatory, Update: How is the coronavirus crisis affecting gig economy workers?, published 2 March 2021, accessed at: https://www.economicsobservatory.com/update-how-is-the-coronavirus-crisis-affecting-gig-economy-workers

[6] Centre for Economic Performance, Covid-19 and the self-employed: Six months into the crisis, Covid-19 Analysis Series, November 2020, https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/cepcovid-19-012.pdf

[7] Centre for Research and Self-Employment, The Freelance Project and Gig Economies of the 21^st Century, June 2019, http://crse.co.uk/research/freelance-project-and-gig-economies-21st-century

[8] University of Hertfordshire, Crowd Working Survey, February 2016, http://englishbulletin.adapt.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/crowd-working-surveypdf1.pdf

[9] Mirror, Deliveroo is looking for 15,000 new riders and drivers as demand surges, https://www.mirror.co.uk/money/breaking-deliveroo-looking-15000-new-22717983

[10] AON, Financial security or greater control?, March 2020, https://img.response.aonunited.com/Web/AonUnited/%7B1c18275a-fdd7-4b48-a3ed-d55c57a536da%7D_gig_economy_report.pdf

[11] Hargraves Landsdown, Deliveroo IPO – what you need to know, and our take, https://www.hl.co.uk/news/articles/deliveroo-ipo-what-you-need-to-know

[12] Guardian, Gig economy in Britain doubles, accounting for 4.7 million workers, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jun/28/gig-economy-in-britain-doubles-accounting-for-47-million-workers

[13] Uber: The Impact of Uber in the UK https://www.uber.com/en-GB/newsroom/the-impact-of-uber-in-the-uk/

[14] UK Gig Economy 2021, Ask Wonder https://docs.google.com/document/d/1VY2Gz6f_9tgcYvhH1nhDE7CiTAX2uozMSUakPwQ3Qtc/edit

[15] Gig Economy Workforce in England and Wales https://www.tuc.org.uk/news/gig-economy-workforce-england-and-wales-has-almost-tripled-last-five-years-new-tuc-research

[16] Cost of living and gig economy insurance – https://www.globaldata.com/media/insurance/cost-living-crisis-will-increase-potential-market-size-gig-economy-insurance-uk-says-globaldata/ 

[17] IWGB gig economy cost of living survey – https://iwgb.org.uk/en/post/new-survey-reveals-the-hidden-cost-of-living-in-the-gig-economy-this-christmas/

[18] CIPD Gig Economy Report 2023 – https://www.cipd.org/globalassets/media/knowledge/knowledge-hub/reports/2023-pdfs/2023-cipd-gig-economy-report-8453.pdf

[19] CBS: A Life Course Perspective on Transitions into the Gig Economy https://research.cbs.dk/en/publications/a-life-course-perspective-on-transitions-into-the-gig-economy-evi

[20] Bristol University, Gig Economy Worker Research –  https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2023/may/gig-economy-worker-research.html

[21] CIPD, The True Story of the UK Gig Economy – https://www.cipd.org/uk/views-and-insights/thought-leadership/cipd-voice/uk-gig-economy/#:~:text=In%20a%20labour%20force%20of,week%20in%20England%20and%20Wales.

[22] Mentalhealth.org, Stress Awareness and Coping Mechanisms – https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/podcasts/stress-are-we-coping-animation

[23] The Verge, UK Court Rules Deliveroo Couriers Aren’t Employees – https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/24/22548504/deliveroo-self-employed-uk-court-ruling-iwgb-union

[24] Oxford Economics, How Robots Change The World – https://www.oxfordeconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/HowRobotsChangetheWorld.pdf

[25] Nesta, The Future of Skills Employment in 2030 – https://media.nesta.org.uk/documents/the_future_of_skills_employment_in_2030_0.pdf

[26] Nowsta, Worker Management in the Gig Economy – https://www.nowsta.com/blog/worker-management-in-the-gig-economy-six-challenges-and-solutions/

Analysis Methodology

Data was analysed based on Uber drivers earning an average of £15/hour, and paying £100 on petrol each week (the average for UK taxi drivers), with a maintenance cost of £75 per month. Average license fees were taken from 6 of the 10 biggest cities in the UK who list their license fees explicitly on their website. An average taxi insurance cost of £1,550 a year was also taken into account.

We compared this against the average take-home salary of various jobs when factoring in other cost-of-living deductibles, these included: average childcare costs, after school clubs, and commuter costs. Maintenance fees for commuting were not factored in for the alternative jobs.

National insurance and income tax was taken into account for both uber drivers salaries and the top 20 jobs analysed.

The methodology relies on the notion that the parent can work flexibly as an Uber driver when their child may not require childcare: when another parent/guardian is present or during school hours for example.

Average salaries were taken from a range of jobs boards for each role. These jobs boards analyse the average salaries of thousands of jobs posted to dictate an average salary.

Clean Air Zones (CAZ) and equivalents were not factored in as data does not exist for the number of journeys through such zones. Additionally, Uber provides £1 for each trip that drives through these zones, this was not factored into the analysis.